13.1 CONTROL HARDWARE  Modern chemical plants are automatically controlled with the objective of achieving the…

12.1 PIPES AND TUBES Pipes and tubes are long cylindrical conduits (the L/D ratio of…

11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in…

10.1 EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous…

8.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl…

7.1 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil…

6.1 LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS  A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists…

5.1 DEFINTIONS OF PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. Examples of petrochemicals are…

4.1 COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS  The use of animal fats to reduce friction and…

3.1 CRUDE OIL RECEIVING In a refi nery, crude oil is received and stored in…