Fig.3.7 Pressure angle: It is the angle between the direction of the follower motion and a normal tothe pitch curve. This angle is very important in designing a cam profile. If the angle is too large, a reciprocating follower will jam in its bearings. Base circle: It is the smallest circle that can be drawn to the…
2.1 CRUDE OIL ANALYSIS Crude petroleum oil is a mixture of hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbon gases, methane, ethane, propane, and butane, are present in crude oil in its dissolved state. Methane has a high vapour pressure and it escapes from crude oil unless pressure above the vapour pressure is maintained. Usually it separates out from crude…
FFT, PSD and spectrograms don’t need to be so complicated. Once you understand the basics they can really help with your vibration analysis. This topic contain the right mix of theory and practical information, with examples, so that you can hopefully take your vibration analysis to the next level! In order to effectively do your…
The vibration signature of a machine is the characteristic pattern of vibration it generates while it is in operation. It has been shown many times over that the vibration of an operating machine provides far more information about the inner workings of that machine than any other type of nondestructive test. A bearing that has a small developing fault…
Some thermal imaging techniques simply involve pointing a camera at a component and looking at areas of uneven heating or localized hot spots. The first two example applications discussed below fall into this category. For other applications, it may be necessary to generate heat flow within the component and/or evaluate heat flow as a function…
Imaging Systems Thermal imaging instruments measure radiated infrared energy and convert the data to corresponding maps of temperatures. A true thermal image is a gray scale image with hot items shown in white and cold items in black. Temperatures between the two extremes are shown as gradients of gray. Some thermal imagers have the ability to add color, which…
Thermal Energy Energy can come in many forms, and it can change from one form to another but can never be lost. This is the First Law of Thermodynamics. A byproduct of nearly all energy conversion is heat, which is also known as thermal energy. When there is a temperature difference between two objects or two areas…
Introduction Thermal Infrared Testing is also known as(AKA Thermal Inspection, Thermography, Thermal Imaging, Thermal Wave Imaging and Infrared Testing) (Photo courtesy of NASA/JPL-Caltech/IPAC) Thermal NDT methods involve the measurement or mapping of surface temperatures as heat flows to, from and/or through an object. The simplest thermal measurements involve making point measurements with a thermocouple. This…
Also known as: Neutron Imaging, N-Ray Radiography, Neutron Tomography Similar to x-ray radiography, neutron radiography is a very efficient tool to enhance investigations in the field of non-destructive testing (NDT) as well as in many fundamental research applications. Neutron radiography is, however, suitable for a number of tasks impossible for conventional x-ray radiography. The advantage of…
Abstract Microwave Nondestructive Testing (MNDT) techniques have advantages over other NDT methods (such as radiography, ultrasonics, and eddy current) regarding low cost, good penetration in nonmetallic materials, good resolution and contactless feature of the microwave sensor (antenna). For MNDT techniques, the measured parameters are reflection coefficients, transmission coefficients, dielectric constants, loss factors, and complex permeabilities as a function of microwave frequency and…