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Introduction to Miscellaneous
14.1 STARTUP Any plant operation can be divided into three types of operating steps, namely,…
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Instrumentation and Control in a Refi nery
13.1 CONTROL HARDWARE Modern chemical plants are automatically controlled with the objective of achieving the…
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Elements of Pipeline Transfer Facilities
12.1 PIPES AND TUBES Pipes and tubes are long cylindrical conduits (the L/D ratio of…
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Introduction to Reactor Calculations
11.1 REACTORS IN REFINERIES AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A reactor is a piece of equipment in…
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Introduction to Extraction
10.1 EXTRACTION PRINCIPLE If two liquids, a solvent and a solute, are in a homogeneous…
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Heat Exchangers and Pipe-Still Furnaces
8.1 HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchanger equipment exchanges heat between a hot and a cold fl…
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Introduction to Material and Energy Balances
7.1 MEASUREMENT OF QUANTITY OF CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS In a refi nery, crude oil…
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Introduction to Offsite Facilities, Power and Utilities
6.1 LAYOUT OF PETROLEUM AND PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS A refi nery or a petrochemical plant consists…
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Petrochemicals
5.1 DEFINTIONS OF PETROCHEMICALS Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from petroleum products. Examples of petrochemicals are…
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Introduction to Lubricating Oil and Grease
4.1 COMPONENTS OF FINISHED LUBRICATING OILS The use of animal fats to reduce friction and…