Suresh Kumar is a passionate mechanical engineer with deep expertise in design, thermodynamics, manufacturing, and automation. With years of experience in the industry, they simplify complex engineering principles into practical insights for students, professionals, and enthusiasts. This blog serves as a hub for exploring cutting-edge innovations, fundamental concepts, and real-world applications in mechanical engineering.
Electrochemical honing is one of the non-equilibrium gap processes in ECM and is a new technique, which in spite of being used in some industrial plants especially to smooth surfaces, is still not fully described due to the variety of the factors affecting the process. More information about the process is required especially the effects of the working parameters on the produced surface roughness. A special honing tool was designed by using different tool tip shapes (rectangular, circular, triangle & inclined) to study the ability for improving the surface roughness. This work presents a study for the factors affecting the electrochemical honing process especially the machining time, work piece material, initial working gap, tool rotational speed, tool tip shape and the inclined…
Introduction Electrochemical machining (ECM)is a metal-removal process based on the principle ofreverse electroplating. In this process, particles travel from the anodic material (workpiece) toward the cathodic material (machining tool). A current of electrolyte fluid d carries away thedepleted material before it has a chance to reach the machining tool. The cavity produced is the female mating image of the tool shape. Figure: ECM process Similar to EDM, the work piece hardness is not a factor, making ECM suitable for machining difficult-to –machine materials. Difficult shapes can be made by this process on materials regardless of their hardness. A schematic representation of ECM process is shown in Figure. The ECM tool is positioned very close to the work piece and a low voltage, high amperage DC current is passed between the work piece and electrode. Some of the shapes made by ECM process is shown in Figure. Figure: Parts made by ECM Advantages of ECM • The components are not…
In chemical milling, shallow cavities are produced on plates, sheets, Forgings and extrusions. The two key materials used in chemical milling process are etchant and maskant. Etchants are acid or alkaline solutions maintained within controlled ranges of chemical composition and temperature. Maskants are specially designed elastomeric products that arehand strippable and chemically resistant to the harsh etchants. Steps in chemical milling • Residual stress relieving: If the part to be machined has residual stresses from the previous processing, these stresses first should be relieved in order to prevent warping after chemical milling. • Preparing: The surfaces are degreased and cleaned thoroughly to ensure both good adhesion of the masking material and the uniform material removal. • Masking: Masking material is applied (coating or protecting areas not to be etched). • Etching: The exposed surfaces are machined chemically with etchants. • Damasking: After machining, the parts should be washed thoroughly to prevent further reactions with or exposure to any etchant residues. Then the rest of the masking material is removed and the part is cleaned and inspected.…
Chemical Machining Chemical milling Electrochemical Machining Electrochemical Honing Electrochemical Grinding CHEMICAL MACHINING Chemical machining (CM) is the controlled dissolution of work piece material (etching) by means of a strong chemical reagent (etchant). In CM material is removed from selected areas of work piece by immersing it in a chemical reagents or etchants; such as acids and alkaline solutions. Material is removed by microscopic electrochemical cell action, as occurs in corrosion or chemical dissolution of a metal. This controlled chemical dissolution will simultaneously etch all exposed surfaces even though the penetration rates of the material removal may be only 0.0025 –0.1 mm/min. The…
EDM, primarily, exists commercially in the form of die-sinking machines and wire- process, a slowly moving wire travels along a prescribed path and removes material from the workpiece. Wire EDM uses electro-thermal mechanisms to cut electrically conductive materials. Thematerial is removed by a series of discrete discharges between the wire electrode and the workpiece in the presence of dielectric fluid, which creates a path for each discharge as the fluid becomes ionized in the gap. The area where discharge takes place is heated to extremely high temperature, so that the surface is melted and removed. The removed particles are flushed away by the flowing dielectric fluids. The wire EDM process can cut intricate components for the electric and aerospace industries. This non-traditional machining process is widely used to pattern tool steel for die manufacturing cutting machines (Wire EDM). The concept of wire EDM is shown in this Figure. Figure: Wire erosion of an extrusion die The wires for wire EDM is made of brass, copper, tungsten, molybdenum. Zinc or brass coated wires are also used extensively in this process. The wire used in this process should posse’s high tensile strength and good electrical conductivity. Wire EDM can also employ to cut cylindrical…
• Electrical Discharge `Machining (EDM) • Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machining (WCEDM) Electrical Discharge `Machining (EDM) Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is one of the most widely used non-traditional machining processes. The main attraction of EDM over traditional machining processes such as metal cutting using different tools and grinding is that this technique utilizes thermoelectric process to erode undesired materials from the work piece by a series of discrete electrical sparks between the workpiece and the electrode. A picture of EDM machine in operation The traditional machining processes rely on harder tool or abrasive material to remove the softer material whereas non-traditional machining processes such as EDM uses electrical spark or thermal energy to erode unwanted material in order to create desired shape.So, the hardness of the material is no longer a dominating factor for EDM process. A schematic of an EDM process is shown in Figure 2, where the tool and the workpiece are immersed in a dielectric fluid. Figure: Schematic of EDM process EDM removes material by discharging an electrical current, normally stored in a capacitor bank, across a small gap between the tool (cathode) and the workpiece (anode) typically in order Application of EDM The EDM process has the ability to machine hard, difficult-to-machine materials. Parts with complex, precise and irregular shapes for forging, press tools, extrusion dies, difficult internal shapes for aerospace and medical applications can be made by EDM process. Some of the shapes madeby EDM process are shown in Figure.…
Introduction USM is mechanical material removal process or an abrasive process used to erode holes or cavities on hard or brittle work piece by using shaped tools, high frequency mechanical motion and an abrasive slurry. USM offers a solution to the expanding need for machining brittle materials such as single crystals, glasses and polycrystalline ceramics, and increasing complex operations to provide intricate shapes and work piece profiles. It is therefore used extensively in machining hard and brittle materials that are difficult to machine by traditionalmanufacturing processes. The hard particles in slurry are accelerated toward the surface of the work piece by a tool oscillating at a frequency up to 100 KHz - through repeated abrasions, the tool machines a cavity of a cross section identical to its own. Figure: Schematic of ultrasonic machine tool USM is primarily targeted for the machining of hard and brittle materials (dielectric or conductive) such as boron carbide, ceramics, titanium carbides, rubies, quartz etc. USM is a versatile machining process as far as properties of materials are con cerned. This process is able toeffectively machine all materials whether they are electrically conductive or insulator. For an effective cutting operation, the following parameters need to be carefully considered: • The machining tool must be selected to be highly wear resistant, such as high-carbon steels. • The abrasives (25-60 µm in dia.) in the (water-based, up to 40% solid volume) slurry Includes: Boron carbide, silicon carbide and aluminum oxide. Applications The beauty of USM is that it can make non round shapes in hard and brittle materials. Ultrasonically machined non round-hole part is shown in Figure 11. Figure: A non-round hole made by USM Advantage of USM USM process is a non-thermal, non-chemical, creates no changes in the microstructures, chemical or physical properties of the work piece and offers virtually stress free machined surfaces. • Any materials can be machined regardless of their electrical con ductivity…
Introduction Abrasive water jet cutting is an extended version of water jet cutting; in which the water jet contains abrasive particles such as silicon carbide or aluminum oxide in order to increase the material removal rate above that of water jet machining. Almost any type of material ranging from hard brittle materials such as ceramics, metals and glass to extremely soft materials such as foam and rubbers can be cut by abrasive water jet cutting. The narrow cutting stream and computer controlled movement enables this process to produce parts accurately and efficiently. This machining process is especially ideal for cutting materials that cannot be cut by laser or thermal cut. Metallic, non-metallic and advanced composite materials of various thicknesses can be cut by this process. This process is particularly suitable for heat sensitive materials that cannot be machined by processes that produce heat while machining. The schematic of abrasive water jet cutting is shown in Figure 15 which is similar to water jet cutting apart from some more features underneath the jewel; namely abrasive, guard and mixing tube. In this process, high velocity water exiting the jewel creates a vacuum which sucks abrasive from the abrasive line, which mixes with the water in the mixing tube to form a high velocity beam of abrasives Applications Abrasive water jet cutting is highly used in aerospace, automotive and electronics industries. In aerospace industries, parts such as titanium bodies for military aircrafts, engine components (aluminium, titanium, and heat resistant alloys), aluminum body parts andinteriorcabin parts are made using abrasive water jet cutting. In automotive industries, parts like interior trim (head liners, trunk liners, and door panels) and fiber glass body components and bumpers are made by this process. Similarly, in electronics industries, circuit boards and cable stripping are made by abrasive water jet cutting. Advantages of abrasive water jet cutting • In most of the cases, no secondary finishing required • No cutter induced distortion • Low cutting forces on work pieces • Limited tooling requirements • Little to no cutting burr • Typical finish 125-250 microns • Smaller kerf size reduces material wastages…
Introduction Water jet cutting can reduce the costs and speed up the processes by eliminating or reducing expensive secondary machining process. Since no heat is applied on the materials, cut edges are clean with minimal burr. Problems such as cracked edge defects, crystallization, hardening, reduced weldability and machinability are reduced in this process. Water jet technology uses the principle of pressurizing water to extremely high pressures, and allowing the water to escape through a very small opening called “orifice” or “jewel”. Water jet cutting uses the beam of water exiting the orifice to cut soft materials. This method is not suitable for cutting hard materials. The inlet water is typically pressurized between 1300 – 4000 bars. This high pressure is forced through a tiny hole in the je el, hich is typically 0.18 to 0.4 mm in diameter. Picture of water jet chinning process. Applications Water jet cutting is mostly used to cut lower strength materials such as wood, plastics and aluminum. When abrasives are added, (abrasive water jet cutting) stronger materials such as steel and tool steel. Advantages of Water Jet Cutting • There is no heat generated in water jet cutting; which is especially useful for cutting tool steel and other metals where excessive heat may change the properties of the material. • Unlike machining or grinding, water jet cutting does not produce any dust or particles that are harmful if inhaled. • Other advantages are similar to abrasive water jet cutting Disadvantages of water jet cutting • One of the main disadvantages of water jet cutting is that a limited number of materials can be cut economically. • Thick parts cannot be cut by this process economically and accurate ly…
Material removal in AJM takes place due to brittle fracture of the work material due to impact of high velocity abrasive particles. Modeling has been done with the following assumptions: (i) Abrasives are spherical in shape and rigid. The particles are characterized by the mean grit diameter (ii) The kinetic energy of the abrasives are fully utilized in removing material (iii) Brittle materials are considered to fail due to brittle fracture and the fracture volume is considered to be hemispherical with diameter equal to choral length of the indentation (iv) For ductile material, removal volume is assumed to be equal to the indentation volume due to particulate impact