These are activities designed to provide permanent protection from disasters. Not all disasters, particularly natural disasters, can be prevented, but the risk of loss of life and injury can be mitigated with good evacuation plans, environmental planning and design standards. In January 2005, 168 Governments adopted a 10-year global plan for natural disaster risk reduction…
There is no country that is immune from disaster, though vulnerability to disaster varies. There are four main types of disaster. ● Natural disasters: including floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and volcano eruptions that have immediate impacts on human health and secondary impacts causing further death and suffering from (for example) floods, landslides, fires, tsunamis. ● Environmental emergencies: including…
Disaster management aims to reduce, or avoid, the potential losses from hazards, assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster, and achieve rapid and effective recovery. The Disaster management cycle illustrates the ongoing process by which governments, businesses, and civil society plan for and reduce the impact of disasters, react during and immediately following…
Traditional Process Planning: There are variations in the level of detail found in route sheets among different companies & industries. In the one extreme, process planning is accomplished by releasing the part print to the production shop with the instructions “make to drawing.” Most firms provide a more detailed list of steps describing each operation…
An automated or automatic guided vehicle system (AGVS) is a materials handling system that uses independently operated, self-propelled vehicles that are guided along defined pathways in the floor. The vehicles are powered by means of on-board batteries that allow operation for several hours (8 to 16 hours is typical) between recharging. The definition of the…
Based on the type of work transfer system that is used in the assembly system: · Continuous transfer system · Synchronous transfer system · Asynchronous transfer system · Stationary base part system The first three types involve the same methods of work part transport described in automated flow line. In the stationary base part system, the base part to…
Assembly involves the joining together of two or more separate parts to form new entity which may be assembly or subassembly. Automated assembly refers to the use of mechanized and automated devices to perform the various functions in an assembly line or cell. Automated assembly system performs a sequence of automated operations to combine multiple…
The two previous mechanisms convert a linear motion into a rotational motion. The Geneva mechanism uses a continuously rotating driver to index the table, as pictured in Figure 17. If the driven member has six slots for a six-station dial indexing machine, each turn of the driver will cause the table to advance one-sixth of…
An automated flow line consists of several machines or workstations which are linked together by work handling devices that transfer parts between the stations. The transfer of work parts occurs automatically, and the workstations carry out their specialized functions automatically. The flow line can be symbolized as shown in Figure1 using the symbols presented in…
For any of the three types of production, there are certain basic functions that must be carried out to convert raw materials into finished product. For a firm engaged in making discrete products, the functions are: 1. Processing 2. Assembly 3. Material handling and storage 4. Inspection and test 5. Control The first four of…