a)        gives the intensity of stress uniformly distributed over the cross section in an axially loaded, prismatic bar of arbitrary cross-sectional shape.

i)        Axial force P acts through the centroid of the cross-sectional area

ii)      Uniform stress condition  exists throughout the length of the bar except near the ends

c)      Stresses act in a direction perpendicular to the cut surface, they are called normal stresses.

d)      Tensile stresses as positive and compressive stresses as negative.