Types of boilers

Boilers can be classified as follows: 1. According to the flow of water and hot gases – fire tube (or smoke tube) and water tube boilers. In fire tube boilers, hot gases pass through tubes which are surrounded with water. Examples: Vertical, Cochran, Lancashire and Locomotive boilers. There may be single tube as in case…

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Simple Harmonic Motion

What is Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)? Amplitude, Frequency and Periodic Time of a body moving with SHM? A body is said to move or vibrate with simple harmonic motion (briefly written as S.H.M.), if it satisfies the following two conditions: 1. Its acceleration is always directed towards the center known as point of reference or mean position, and…

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Fire Fighting Strategies

Now we know all the constituents of a fire and various kinds of fire-extinguishers. If you have to fight a fire, depending on the circumstances, you have to decide as to what method/strategy (i.e. which arm to fight) you would like to use. Accordingly, you might want to choose an appropriate extinguisher. Lets look at some…

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Timing Belts

Belt drives have a major role in rotary power transmission. Just try to peep under the hood of your automobile whether it’s a car or a SUV, you are sure to find atleast one timing belt in it. Here’s a typical application of the timing belt in an automobile. This shows the usage of the…

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TYPES OF HEAT EXCHANGERS

   1) Double-pipe heat exchanger – simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different diameters. Following two types of flow arrangement are possible a)      Parallel flow – both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat exchanger at the same end and move in the same direction b)      Counter flow – the hot and cold fluids enter…

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Corrosion and Degradation of Materials

Corrosion of Metals The corrosion resistance of metals and alloys is a basic property related to the easiness with which these materials react with a given environment. Corrosion is a natural process that seeks to reduce the binding energy in metals. The end result of corrosion involves a metal atom being oxidized, whereby it loses one or more electrons and leaves the bulk metal. The lost electrons are conducted through the bulk metal to another site where they are reduced. In corrosion parlance, the site where metal atoms lose electrons is called the anode, and the site where electrons are transferred to the reducing species is called the cathode. Pure metals are used in many applications. Copper, for example, is used to make the wire which goes inside electrical cables. Copper was chosen because it can be drawn into long thin wires very easily (it is ductile) and because it is a good conductor of electricity. Pure aluminum can also be used in wiring. It is also used as a cladding material for aluminum alloy substrates. Currently there are 86 known metals. Before the 19th century only 24 of these metals had been discovered and, of these 24 metals, 12 were discovered in the 18th century. Therefore, from the discovery of the first metals, gold and copper, until the end of the 17th century, some 7700 years, only 12 metals were known. Four of these metals, arsenic, antimony , zinc and bismuth , were discovered in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, while platinum was discovered in the 16th century. The other seven metals, known as the Metals of Antiquity, were the metals upon which civilization was based. These seven metals are Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead, Tin, Iron,Mercury.

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Flame Hardening

Flame hardening is another procedure that is used to harden the surface of metal parts. When you use an oxyacetylene flame, a thin layer at the surface of the part is rapidly heated to its critical temperature and then immediately quenched by a combination of a water spray and the cold base metal. This process produces a thin, hardened surface, and at the same time, the internal parts retain their original properties. Whether the process is manual or mechanical, a close watch must be maintained, since the torches heat the metal rapidly and the temperatures are usually determined visually. Flame hardening may be either manual or automatic. Automatic equipment produces uniform results and is more desirable. Most automatic machines have variable travel speeds and can be adapted to parts of various sizes and shapes.   The size and shape of the torch depends on the part. The torch consists of a mixing head, straight extension tube, 90-degree extension head, an adjustable yoke, and a water-cooled tip. Practically any shape or size flame- hardening tip is available. Tips are produced that can be used for hardening flats, rounds, gears, cams,  cylinders,  and  other  regular  or  irregular  shapes.  In  hardening localized  areas,  you should heat the metal with a standard hand-held welding torch. Adjust the torch flame to neutral for normal heating; however, in corners and grooves, use a slightly oxidizing flame to keep the torch from sputtering. You also should particularly guard against overheating in comers and grooves. If dark streaks appear on the metal surface, this is a sign of overheating, and you need to increase the distance between the flame and the metal. For the best heating results, hold the torch with the tip of the inner cone about an eighth of an inch from the surface and direct the flame at right angles to the metal. Sometimes it is necessary to change this angle to obtain better results; however, you rarely find a deviation of more than 30 degrees. Regulate the speed of torch travel according to the type of metal, the mass and shape of the part, and the depth of hardness    desired.     In    addition,    you    must    select    the    steel    according    to    the properties desired.  Select carbon steel when surface hardness is the primary factor and alloy steel   when   the   physical   properties   of   the   core   are   also   factors.   Plain   carbon steels should   contain   more   than   0.35%   carbon  for  good  results  inflame  hardening.  For  water quench- ing, the effective carbon range is from 0.40% to 0.70%. Parts with a carbon content of more  than  0.70%  are  likely  to  surface  crack  unless  the  heating  and  quenching  rate are  carefully  controlled. The surface hardness of a flame-hardened section is equal to a section that was hardened by furnace heating and quenching. The decrease in hardness between the case and  the core  is gradual.  Since the core  is  not affected by flame hardening, there is little danger of spalling or flaking while the part is in use. Thus flame hardening produces  a  hard case that is highly     resistant     to     wear     and     a     core     that     retains     its     original     properties. Flame   hardening   can   be   divided   into   five   general  methods:  stationary,  circular  band progressive, straight- line  progressive,  spiral  band  progressive,  and  circular band  spinning.

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Proell Governor

Proell Governor is a different type of governor in which the fly balls are connected to the spindle using an extended arm. The fly balls are mounted on this additional arm. Like the porter governor, proell governor also has central weight which increases the speed of rotation. Proell Governor functions much more accurately than other…

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How Air Conditioning Works

Air conditioning is the process of maintaining comfortable conditions inside a closed space. It controls temperature, humidity, air flow rate and the cleanliness of air inside a room. Sitting in a cool room, have you ever wondered how come you are feeling comfortable while the temperature in the surrounding areas is very high? Scientists have found that…

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