Types of Forces Present in a Moving Liquid – The important forces present in a moving liquid are Inertia Force, Viscous Force, Gravity Force, Surface Tension Force, Pressure Force and Elastic Force. (a) Inertia force: It is the product of mass and acceleration of the flowing liquid. (b) Viscous force: It is the product of shear stress…
Flow Through Open Channels – Describe the flow of a fluid through open channel. What is the formula to calculate flow and discharge through open channel. According to Chezy formula, the mean velocity of liquid, where C = Chezy’s constant, A = Area of flow, m = Hydraulic mean depth = Area of flow (A) / Wetted perimeter (P) =…
The transformation of motion from one shaft to another shaft requires three bodies: a frame (the position of each shaft is fixed in the frame) and two gears. Consider a general case when two disks with arbitrary profiles shown in figure 1, represent gears 2 and 3. Also assume that disk 2 rotates with the constant angular velocity ω2. The motion is transferred…
The law of heat conduction is also known as Fourier’s law. Fourier’s law states that “the time rate of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area.” Fourier’s equation of heat conduction: Q = -kA(dT/dx) Where, ‘Q’ is the heat flow rate by conduction (W·m−2)‘k’ is the thermal…
Kepler discovered three empirical laws that accurately described the motions of the planets. The three laws of Kepler may be stated as, 1. Kepler’s First Law: Each planet moves in an elliptical orbit, with the sun at one focus of the ellipse. This law is also known as the law of elliptical orbits and obviously gives the…
The Grashof’s law states that for a four-bar linkage system, sum of the shortest and longest link of a planar quadrilateral linkage is less than or equal to the sum of the remaining two links, then the shortest link can rotate fully with respect to a neighboring link.Consider a four-bar-linkage. Denote the smallest link by S , the longest link by…
Introduction The subject ‘ Hydraulic Machines’ may be defined as that branch of Engineering – science which deals with the machines run by water under some head or raising the water to higher levels. Impact of Water Jets What is the impact of jets of water in hydraulic machines and fluid dynamics? What force does…
A nozzle is a tapering mouthpiece which is fitted to the end of a water pipe line to discharge water at a high velocity. A nozzle is generally made of convergent shape. The power transmitted through the nozzle is maximum when the head lost due to friction in the pipe is one-third of the total…
Flow Around Immersed Bodies – We see that when a solid body is held in the path of a moving fluid and is completely immersed in it, the body will be subjected to some pressure or force. Conversely, if a body is moved with a uniform velocity through a fluid at rest, it offers some…
Hooke’s Law According to Hooke’s law for a small deformation, the stress in a body is proportional to the corresponding strain.” i.e., stress ∝ strain stress = (E) (strain) Here, E = stress/strain is a constant called modulus of elasticity. Depending upon the nature of force applied on the body, the modulus of the elasticity is classified in the following…