When a liquid flowing through a long pipe is suddenly brought to rest by closing the valve at the end of a pipe, then a pressure wave of high intensity is produced behind the valve. This pressure wave of high intensity has the effect of hammering action on the walls of the pipe. This phenomenon…
How do Pipes in Parallel work from fluid mechanics’ point of view? What is rate of discharge in main pipe and loss of head in each pipe? Figure below shows a system of pipes in parallel. In such a case (a) The rate of discharge in the main pipe is equal to the sum of discharges…
How do pipes work in series as taught to mechanical engineers in fluid mechanics? What is the difference between pipes in parallel and pipes in series? Figure below shows a system of pipes in series: The difference of water level in the two tanks A and B is given by If a compound pipe is…
The total pressure is defined as the force exerted by a static fluid on a surface (either plane or curved) when the fluid comes in contact with the surface. This force is always normal to the surface. The centre of pressure is defined as the point of application of the resultant pressure on the surface….
The quantity of liquid flowing per second through a section of a pipe or a channel is called discharge and is measured in cumecs (m3/ s). Mathematically, discharge, Q = av where a = Cross-sectional area of the pipe, and v = Average velocity of the liquid. It may noted that (a) The velocity of the liquid is maximum at the…
Pascal’s law states that “pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every portion of the fluid and the walls of the containing vessel”. A small force (F1) is applied to piston with a small area (A1) produces a much large force F2 on the larger piston. It is schematically illustrated in figure. A well known application…
How to calculate the Power Transmitted through the Pipe. How the power through pipe depends on head loss and what is maximum efficiency of transmission through a pipe? The power transmitted (in watts) through the pipe = Weight of water flowing in N/s x Head of water in m The power transmitted will be maximum…
According to Varignon’s theorem, the algebraic sum of several concurrent forces about any point is equal to the moments of the moments of their resultant about the point. To prove Varignon’s Theorem, consider the force R acting in the plane of the body as shown in the above left side figure(a). The forces ”P and ‘Q’ represent any two non rectangular components of ‘R’….
What is a stagnation point in fluid dynamics? A point in the flow, where the velocity of fluid is zero, is called a stagnation point. Stagnation points exist at the surface of objects in the flow field, where the fluid is brought to rest by the object. The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure…
Equation shown in the image is the Stefan-Boltzmann law. “P” is the power radiated by the ideal radiator and ‘σ‘ is is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, which has the value σ = 5.67*10-8 Wm-2K-4 Where ‘P’ is in Watts, emissivity (e) has no units, Area (A) m2 and Temperature (T) is in Kelvin. In the thermodynamic analysis the energy density is related from…