Suresh Kumar is a passionate mechanical engineer with deep expertise in design, thermodynamics, manufacturing, and automation. With years of experience in the industry, they simplify complex engineering principles into practical insights for students, professionals, and enthusiasts. This blog serves as a hub for exploring cutting-edge innovations, fundamental concepts, and real-world applications in mechanical engineering.
KOHLBERGGILLIGAN I. Ethics of rules and rightsEthics of careII. Studies based on well educated, white male’s only, tending male bias.Studies included females and colored peoplesIII. Application of abstract rules ranked in the order of importanceApplication of context-oriented reasoning.IV. Studies were hypothesized for both the genders even though the study was conducted mostly on malesStudy was conducted on both genders and it was found, men based their reasoning on‘justice’ and women based theirs on ‘care’
STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT • Pre-conventional Level Whatever benefits oneself or avoids punishment. This is the level of development of all young children. -Avoid punishment & Gain Reward • Conventional Level Uncritical acceptance of one’s family, group or society are accepted as final standard of morality. Most adults do not mature beyond this stage. -1.Gain Approval & Avoid Disapproval & 2. Duty & Guilt • Post-conventional Level Motivation to do what is morally reasonable for its own sake, rather than solely from ulterior motives, with also a desire to maintain their moral integrity, self-respect and the respect of other autonomous individuals. They are ‘Morally autonomous’ people. -1. Agreed upon rights & 2. Personal moral standards
• Pre-conventional Level This is the same as Kohlberg’s first level in that the person is preoccupied with self-centered reasoning, caring for the needs and desires of self. • Conventional level Here the thinking is opposite in that, one is preoccupied with not hurting others and a willingness to sacrifice one’s own interests in order to help or nurture others (or retain friendship). • Post-conventional Level Achieved through context-oriented reasoning, rather than by applying abstract rules ranked in a hierarchy of importance. Here the individual becomes able to strike a reasoned balance between caring about other people and pursuing one’s own self- interest while exercising one’s rights.
This is viewed as the skill and habit of thinking rationally about ethical issues on the basis of moral concerns independently or by self-determination. Autonomous individuals think for themselves and do not assume that customs are always right. They seek to reason and live by general principles. Their motivation is to do what is morally reasonable for its own sake, maintaining integrity, self-respect, and respect for others. “One who breaks an unjust law must do so openly, lovingly, and with a willingness to accept the penalty. I submit that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust and willingly accepts the penalty… is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law.” Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. in Letter from a Birmingham Jail, 1963. A person becomes morally autonomous by improving various practical skills listed below: i) Proficiency is recognizing moral problems and issues in engineering. ii) Skill in comprehending, clarifying and critically assessing arguments on opposing sides of moral issues. iii) The ability to form consistent and comprehensive viewpoints based upon consideration of relevant facts. iv) Awareness of alternate responses to issues and creative solutions for practical difficulties.…
There are three types of complexities. VAGUENESS: This complexity arises due to the fact that it is not clear to individuals as to which moral considerations or principles apply to their situation. CONFLICTING REASONS: Even when it is perfectly clear as to which moral principle is applicable to one’s situation, there could develop a situation where in two or more clearly applicable moral principles come into conflict. DISAGREEMENT: Individuals and groups may disagree how to interpret, apply and balance moral reasons in particular situations. Steps in confronting MORAL DILEMMAS: i) Identify the relevant moral factors and reasons. ii) Gather all available facts that are pertinent to the moral factors involved. iii) Rank the moral considerations in the order of their importance as they apply to the situation. iv) Consider alternative course of action, tracing the full implications of each, as ways of solving dilemma. v) Talk with colleagues, seeking the suggestions and perspectives of the dilemma. vi) Arrive at a carefully reasoned judgment by weighing all the relevant moral factors and reasons in light of facts.…
ENGINEERING ETHICS is a means to increase the ability of concerned engineers, managers, citizens and others to responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activities.
These are inquiries used to uncover information using scientific techniques. These inquiries get to information about business realities, history of engineering profession, procedures used in assessment of risks and engineers psychology.
These questions should lead to clarifications on concepts, principles and issues in ethics. Examples are: A) What is ‘SAFETY’ and how is it related to ‘RISK’ B) ‘Protect the safety, health and welfare of public’-What does this statement mean? C) What is a bribe? D) What is a ‘profession’ and who are ‘professionals’?
These are about ‘what ought to be’ and ‘what is good’. These questions identify and also justify the morally desirable norms or standards. Some of the questions are: A. How far engineers are obligated to protect public safety in given situations? B. When should engineers start whistle blowing on dangerous practices of their employers? C. Whose values are primary in taking a moral decision, employee, public or govt? D. Why are engineers obligated to protect public safety? E. When is govt justified in interfering on such issues and why?
MICRO-ETHICS emphasizes typically everyday problems that can take on significant proportions in an engineer’s life or entire engineering office. MACRO-ETHICS addresses societal problems that are often shunted aside and are not addressed until they unexpectedly resurface on a regional or national scale. MORAL PROBLEMS IN ENGINEERING (SOME EXAMPLES) 1.1. An inspector discovered faulty construction equipment and applied a violation tag, preventing its use. The supervisor, a construction manager viewed the case as a minor abrasion of the safety regulations and ordered the removal of the tag to speed up the project. When the inspector objected to this, he was threatened with disciplinary action. 1.2. An electric utility company applied for a permit to operate a nuclear power plant. The licensing agency was interested in knowing what emergency measures had been established for humans safety in case of reactor malfunctioning. The utility engineers described the alarm system and arrangements with local hospitals for treatment. They did not emphasize that this measures applied to plant personnel only and that they had no plans for the surrounding population. When enquired about their omission, they said it was not their responsibility. 1.3. A chemical plant dumped wastes in a landfill. Hazardous substances found their way into…