UTILITARIANISM

•    That which produces the maximum benefit for the greatest number of people (e.g. Democracy)

•    Tries to achieve a balance between the good and bad consequences of an action

•    Tries to maximize the well-being of society and emphasizes what will provide the most benefits to the largest group of people

•    This method is fundamental to many types of engineering analysis, including risk- benefit analysis and cost-benefit analysis

Drawbacks:

•    Sometimes  what  is  best  for  the  community  as  a  whole  is  bad  for  certain individuals in the community

•    It is often impossible to know in advance which decision will lead to the most good

Organizing Principles to Resolving Ethical Issues

•    Utilitarian thinking

– A standard that promotes those individual actions or rules that produce the greatest total amount of utility to those affected.

–    A code that enjoins engineers to promote the safety, health, and welfare of the public.

–    What is utility, though?  Happiness?

•   Preference utilitarianism

– promote those conditions that allow each individual to pursue happiness as he or she conceives it.

–    Two conditions necessary for this: freedom and well-being.

–    Practically, for engineers, this advocates cost/benefit analyses.

Problems with Utilitarianism

•    Difficult to quantify benefits for ALL those affected.

•    “Greatest good” difficult to apply to an all-inclusive population.

•    Someone gets “shafted” – approach justifies perpetrating injustice on individuals, i.e., someone gets left out.

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