People are morally autonomous when their moral conduct and principles of action are their own. Moral beliefs and attitudes must be a critical reflection and not a passive adoption of the particular conventions of oneβs society, religion or profession. Moral beliefs and attitudes cannot be agreed to formally and adhered to merely verbally. They must be integrated into the core of oneβs personality and should lead to committed action. It is wrong to think that as an employee when one performs βactsβ serving companyβs interests, one is no longer morally and personally identified with oneβs actions. Viewing engg as a social experimentation helps to overcome this flawed thought and restores a sense of autonomous participation in oneβs work. As an experimenter, an engineer is exercising the specialized training that forms the core of oneβs identity as a professional. A social experiment that can result in unknown consequences should help inspire a critical and questioning attitude about the adequacy of current economic and safety standards. In turn, this leads to better personal involvement with work.
Conscientious moral commitment means sensitivity to the full range of relevant moral values. Sensitivity to responsibilities that is relevant. Willingness to develop the skill and expend the effort needed to reach the best balance possible among these considerations. Conscientiousness means consciousness because mere intent is not sufficient. Conceiving engineering as social experimentation restores the vision of engineers as guardians of the public interest in that they are duty bound to guard the welfare and safety of those affected by engg projects.
a. The consent is given voluntarily b. The consent is based on information a rational person would want, together with any other information requested and presented to them in understandable form. c. The consenter was competent to process the information and make rational decisions. d. Information has been widely disseminated. e. The subjectβs consent is offered by proxy by a group that collectively represents many subjects like interests, concerns and exposure to risk. βEngineering experiments are not conducted to gain new knowledge unlike scientific experimentsβ. Is this distinction necessary? This distinction is not vital because we are concerned about the manner in which the experiment is conducted, such as valid consent of human subjects being sought, safety measures taken and means exist for terminating the experiment at any time and providing all participants a safe exit. Features of morally responsible engineers in social experimentation Conscientiousness: A primary obligation to protect the safety of human subjects and respect their right of consent. Relevant information: A constant awareness of the experimental nature of any project, imaginative forecasting of its possible side effects and a reasonable effort to monitor them. Moral autonomy: Autonomous, personal involvement in all steps of the project. Accountability: Accepting accountability for the results of the project.
1. EXPERIMENTAL CONTROL: In standard experiments, members are in two different groups. Members of one group receive special experimental treatment. The other group members, called βcontrol groupβ do not receive special treatment, though they are from the same environment in all other respects. But this is not true in engineering, since most of the experiments are not conducted in laboratories. The subjects of experiments are human beings who are outside the experimenterβs control. Thus it is not possible to study the effects of changes in variable on different groups. Hence only historical and retrospective data available about various target groups has to be used for evaluation. Hence engineering as a social experimentation seems to be an extended usage of the concept of experimentation. 2. INFORMED CONSENT: has two elements, knowledge and voluntariness. The subjects (human beings) should be given all the information needed to make a reasonable decision. Next, they must get into the experiment without being subjected to force, fraud or deception. Supplying complete information is neither necessary nor in most cases possible. But all relevant information needed for making a reasonable decision on whether to participate should be conveyed. Generally, we all prefer to be the subject of our own experiments rather than those of somebody else.
Engineers should learn not only from their own earlier design and operating results, but also from other engineers. Engineers repeat the past mistakes of others due to the following reasons. β’ Lack of established channels of communication. β’ Misplaced pride in not asking for information β’ Embarrassment at failure or fear of litigation (legal problems). β’ Negligence. Examples: 1. The Titanic lacked sufficient number of life boats resulting in the death of 1522 out of 2227 (life boat capacity available was only 825), a few decades later Arctic perished due to the same problem. 2. In June 1966, a section of the Milford Haven Bridge in Wales collapsed during construction. A bridge of similar design, erected by the same bridge- builder in Melbourne, Australia, also partially collapsed in the month of October, same year. During this incident 33 people were killed and many were injured. 3. Malfunctions occurred at nuclear reactors at various locations and the information reports were with Babcock and Wilcox, the reactor manufacturer. In spite of these, no attention was paid leading to a pressure relief valve giving rise to the Three Mile Island nuclear accident on March 28, 1979.
1. Any project is carried out in partial ignorance due to β’ The uncertainties in the abstract model used for the design calculations, β’ The uncertainties in the precise characteristics of the materials purchased, β’ The uncertainties caused by variations in processing and fabrication of materials and β’ The uncertainties about the nature of stresses the finished product will encounter. Indeed, Engineerβs success lies in the ability to accomplish tasks with only a partial knowledge of scientific laws about nature and society. 2. The final outcome of engineering projects, like those of experiments, is generally uncertain. Very often, possible outcomes are not even known and great risks may be presented which could never be thought of. 3. Effective Engineering relies upon knowledge gained about products both before and after they leave the factory- knowledge needed for improving current products and creating better ones. That is, ongoing success in engineering depends upon gaining new knowledge.
β’ Experimentation (Preliminary tests or Simulations) plays a vital role in the design of a product or process. β’ In all stages of converting a new engineering concept into a design like, First rough cut design, Usage of different types of materials and processes, Detailed design, Further stages of work design and The finished product, Experiments and tests are conducted to evaluate the product. Modifications are made based on the outcome of these experiments. β’ The normal design process is thus iterative (modifications being made on the basis of feedback information acquired from the tests). Even though various tests and experiments are conducted at various stages, the engineering project as a whole in its totality can be viewed as an experiment.
1. Ethical theories aid in identifying the moral considerations or reasons that constitute a dilemma. 2. They provide a precise sense of what kinds of information are relevant to solving moral development. 3. They sometimes, offer ways to rank the relevant moral considerations in order of importance and provide a rough guidance in solving moral problems. 4. The theories help us identify the full moral ramifications of alternative courses of action, urging a wide perspective on the moral implications of the options and providing a systematic framework of comparing alternatives. 5. The theories augment the precision with which we use moral terms and they provide frame works for moral reasoning when discussing moral issues with colleagues. 6. By providing frame works for development of moral arguments, the theories strengthen our ability to reach balanced and insightful judgments