Three approaches
1. Cost/benefit – quantifiable approach. Maximize positive utilities (benefits) Against negative utilities (costs). 2. Act utilitarian – “Will the course of action produce more good than any alternative course of action that I could take”? 3. Rule utilitarian – “Would utility be maximized if everyone did the same thing in the same circumstances”? Adoption of commonly accepted rules. 1. COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS: • Assess the available options • Assess the costs and benefits of each option for the entire audience affected • Make the decision that is likely to result in the greatest benefit relative to cost. 2. ACT-UTILITARIANISM: • Focuses on individual actions, rather than general rules. • An act is right if it is likely to produce the most good for the most people involved in the particular situation. • Rules may be broken whenever doing so will produce the most good in a specific situation. • Happiness is the only ‘intrinsic’ good and all others are ‘instrumental’ goods that serve as the means of happiness. 3. RULE-UTILITARIANISM: • This regards moral values as primary. • We should follow the rules and avoid bribes, even when those acts do not have the best consequences in a particular situation, because the general practice of following rules and not bribing produce the most overall good • Rules should be considered in sets called ‘moral codes’. A moral code is justified when followed, would maximize the public good more than alternative codes would.