1. “A ship in harbor is safe, but that is not what ships are built for” – John A. Shedd 2. ‘A thing is safe if its risks are judged to be acceptable’ – William W. Lawrence We buy an ill-designed Iron box in a sale-> Underestimating risk We judge fluoride in water can kill lots of people -> Overestimating risk We hire a taxi, without thinking about its safety -> Not estimating risk How does a judge pass a judgement on safety in these 3 cases? ….So, this definition won’t do in real life. Then, what is acceptable also depends upon the individual or group’s value judgment. Hence a better, working definition of concept of safety could be, “A thing is safe (to a certain degree) with respect to a given person or group at a given time if, were they fully aware of its risks and expressing their most settled values, they would judge those risks to be acceptable (to that certain degree).” -Mike Martin and Roland Schinzinger A thing is NOT SAFE if it exposes us to unacceptable danger or hazard RISK is the potential that something unwanted and harmful may occur. a. We take a risk when we undertake something or use a product that is not safe. Risk in technology could include dangers of b. bodily harm, c. economic loss, or d. environmental degradation. Some may assume that “safety” is a concrete concept, while “risk” is a vague, hypothetical concept In fact, its the other way around Risks always exist. But true safety never exists, except in hypothetical situations So, risk is reality, safety is fantasy