ROUNDNESS MEASUREMENT
Roundness or circularity: Is the radial uniformity of work surface measured from the centre line of the work piece. Methods of measuring roundness: V- block and dial indicator method Roundness measuring machine
Roundness or circularity: Is the radial uniformity of work surface measured from the centre line of the work piece. Methods of measuring roundness: V- block and dial indicator method Roundness measuring machine
Flatness: A surface is said to be flat within a given range of measurement. Flatness testing: r anauto If the test surface is large, then it is tested for flatness using a sprit level o collimator. Procedure to determine flatness: A surface can be considered to be a collection of a large number of lines. Flatness testing by interferometry: Monochromatic light source and a set of optical flats are used.
Straightness: Is a geometrical shape. Straightness measuring instrument: Straight edge Sprit level Auto – Collimator
Introduction: Contain degree of surface finish is required for the proper functioning of the working surface. Types of surface finish: Nominal surface Rough surface Wavy surface Elements of surface texture: Surface roughness Profile Flaw, Law, Waviness Cut off length Datum of surface finish measurement: The M system (The mean line system) The E system (The envelope system) Numerical value for surface finish: 1. Peak –to- valley height 2. The depth of smoothness 3. The mean depth 4. Centre line average 5. Room mean square. 6. Methods of measuring surface finish: Visual inspection Touch method Scratch method Comparative or qualitative methods of surface finish measurement: Direct methods: Stylus probe instrument Tomlinson surface meter Taylor Hobson”Talysurf” Profilometer
Radius measurement methods: Radius measurement using surface plate and rollers. (external radius) Radius measurement of concave surface (internal radius) Radius measurement using surface plate and rollers (external radius): 1. Surface plate 2. Two rollers 3. Vernier caliper 4. C- Clamp Radius measurement of concave surface (internal radius): 1. Depth micrometer 2. Slip gauges
Introduction: Gears are mechanical drives. Gears are used to transmit power. Gear in the form of a toothed wheel. Types of gears: Spur gear Helical gear Spiral gear Bevel gear Worm and Worm wheel Rack and pinion Gear terminology: Tooth Profile Base circle Pitch circle diameter Pitch Addendum Dedendum Pressure angle () Circular pitch Clearance(C) Blank diameter Face, Flank, Top land Back lash Module (m) Pitch point Tooth thickness. Gear errors: Adjacent pitch error Cumulative pitch error Profile error Cyclic error Periodic error Run out Radial run out Axial run out Gear measurement (Spur gear): Concentricity Alignment Hardness Pith: 1. Point to point measurement 2. Direct angular measurement Run out Lead Backlash Profile:…
Introduction: Thread geometry procedure cannot be used in normal production work Hence gauges are used where the basis is mating o surfaces. Thread gauge classification: First group Second group Form of thread gauges: Plug ring gauges Ring screw gauges Caliper screw gauges Adjustable thread gauges: The Wick man Adjustable thread gauge Roller type Adjustable thread gauges.
Measurement of major diameter: Micrometer Bench micrometer Measurement of minor diameter: Using taper paralles Using rollers Measurement of effective diameter: Thread micrometer method One wire method Two wire method Three wire method Pitch measurement: 1. Pitch measuring machine 2. Tool maker‟s microscope 3. Screw pitch gauge Thread form and flank angle measurement:
Major diameter error Minor diameter error Effective diameter error Flank angle error Pitch error. 1. Progressive error 2. Periodic error 3. Drunken error 4. Irregular errors 5. Effect of pitch error.
Screw thread Crest Root Flank Depth of thread Lead Pitch Helix angle Flank angle Included angle Major diameter Minor diameter Addendum Dedendum