“Is a measure of velocity of fluid Particles” Standard temperature and pressure (STP) Normal temperature and pressure (NTP) Temp.Scale Instruments to measure temperature: Filled system in temperature measurement Bimetallic strip Pressure thermometers Thermocouples Calibration of temp measuring devices Electrical resistance thermometer Pyrometer Total radiation pyrometer Optical pyrometer
What is a Flow Meter? A flow meter is a device used to measure the flow rate or quantity of a gas or liquid moving through a pipe. Flow measurement applications are very diverse and each situation has its own constraints and engineering requirements. Flow meters are referred to by many names, such as flow…
“Power is generally done by dynamometers” Types of dynamometers: Absorption dynamometers Driving dynamometers Transmission dynamometers Mechanical Dynamometers: “Mechanical energy is converted in to heat through dry friction between the Wooden brake blocks and the flywheel of the machine. D.C. Dynamometers: “Is usable as an absorption as well as transmission dynamometers” Eddy current: Hydraulic dynamometer Diaphragm Typical diaphragm pressure gauge
Torque reaction methods Cradled power source Cradled power absorber Proney Brake Torque measurement using Torsion bars: Optical method Capacitive method: Cross section through shaft and sensor Longitudinal method Laser- optic method Proximity method Stroboscope method Magnetostrictive method SAW method
Introduction: “Force is a basic engineering parameter”. Direct methods: Equal arm balance Analytical balance Unequal arm balance Multiple level system Pendulum scale In-Direct methods: Accelerometers Electromagnetic balance Load cells: “Load cells are the force transducer for weighing purposes” Elastic load members: Coil springs Proving rings Load cell type Bourdon tube Bellows Shear type load cell Hydraulic load cell Pneumatic load cell Strain gauge load cell Pressductor Electronic Weighing System
Often inexperienced coordinate measuring machine (CMM) operators will perform dimensional measurements without correctly establishing a part alignment. Manual and computer numerical control (CNC) CMM operators sometimes try to use the CMM as a 2-D or 1-D height gage. In choosing a CMM for a measurement application, determination of the error budget often focuses on items…
What is a coordinate measurement machine? “A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a device for measuring the physical geometrical characteristics of an object.” “Dimensional inspection is used in process control; its results adjust the parameters ofthe manufacturing process to achieve the desired outputs. Computer controlleddimensional inspection is typically performed with a Coordinate Measuring Machineor CMM, which is…
Length bar measuring machine Newall measuring machine Universal measuring machine Co-ordinate measuring machine Computer controlled Co-ordinate measuring machine
Introduction Geometrical test Static test Dynamic test Practical test Various geometrical checks: Straightness Flatness Parallelism, equidistance and coincidence Squareness of straight line and plane Rotations Movement of all the working components Spindle test Machine tool test Alignment tests on lathe Alignment tests on milling machine Alignment tests for pillar type drilling…
Introduction: “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation”. Laser metrology Laser telemetric system Laser and led based distance measuring instruments Scanning laser gauge Photodiode array imaging Diffraction pattern technique Laser triangulation sensors Two frequency laser interferometer Gauge wide diameter from the diffraction pattern formed in a laser. Principle of laser: The principle involved in laser is when the photon emitted during stimulated emission has the same energy, phase and frequency as the incident photon. Interferometry Uses laser in Interferometry Laser Interferometry: Two frequency laser source Optical elements: Beam splitters Beam benders Retro reflectors. Laser heads measuring receiver Measurement display Types of AC Laser interferometer (ACLI) Standard interferometer Single beam Interferometry Laser interferometer: AC laser interferometer Other types of interferometers: Dual frequency laser interferometer Twyman-Green Interferometer. Applications: Linear instruments Angular measurements