Agency-Loyalty - Engineers are hired to do their duties. - Hence obligated to employers within proper limits Identification-Loyalty Obligatory on two conditions; 1.   When some important goals are met by and through a group in which the engineers participate 2.   When employees are treated fairly, receiving the share of benefits and burdens. But clearly, identification-loyalty is a virtue and not strictly an obligation.

Agency-Loyalty - Fulfill one’s contractual duties to an employer. -    Duties are particular tasks for which one is paid - Co-operating with colleagues - Following legitimate authority within the organization. Identification-Loyalty: - It has to do with attitudes, emotions and a sense of personal identity. - Seeks to meet one’s moral duties with personal attachment and affirmation. - It is against detesting their employers and companies, and do work reluctantly and horribly (this is construed as disloyalty) This means - Avoid conflicts of interest, - Inform employers of any possible conflicts of interest, - Protect confidential information, - Be honest in making estimates, - Admit one’s errors, etc.

It is almost impossible to build a completely safe product or one that will never…

Engineers must weigh chances of defect causing injury against cost of minimizing defects  Minimal compliance…

Buyer beware     Examine what you want before you buy     If he is negligent,…

Magnetic door catch introduced on refrigerators     Prevent death by asphyxiation of children accidentally trapped…

Incomplete knowledge of the engineering subject     Refusal to face hard questions caused by lack…

Engineers should account publicly for benefits and risks in the following manner: Engineers must remain…

 Risks and benefits to public are more easily determined than to individuals     National Highway…

•   Individuals are ready to assume voluntary risks than involuntary risks. •   The difficulty here is generally in assessing personal risks which are involuntary. •   The problem of quantification of risk raises innumerable problems. •    For example, how to assign a rupee value to one’s life. There is no over the counter trade in lives. •   Even for a sale, it has to be clear under what conditions the sale is to take place. •   If one buys a kg of rice it matters whether it is just one additional purchase one makes Regularly or it is the first rice purchase after quite sometime. •    Even when compensations are made to people exposed to involuntary risk, the basis on which it is made or even the intensity of risk could be different for different people. •    As of now, the one suggestion could be to employ an open procedure, overseen b y trained arbiters, in each case, where risk to individuals is to be studied and remedied.