• Large  projects  involve  owners,  consultants  and  contractors  and  many  participants  at various levels in these three organizations.

• Overlapping responsibilities, fragmented control, delays and inability to resolve disputes are some of the problems encountered during these projects.

• Resolving disputes becomes especially difficult when projects last for several years and connected personnel also change during this period.

• Owners have the most to lose in such situations.

• Hence they try to shift the risks to others.

• Consulting engineers are generally tied to the contract provisions and they do not try any innovative ideas (do not want to add risks)

• All this have  led  to  considerable  litigation  and  any litigation  is time consuming  and costly.