are positive in tension and shear stresses are positive when they tend to produce counterclockwise rotation of the material
Angle is between the x-axis and the normal to the section
b.)These equations are valid for any material, whether it behaves linearly or nonlinearly, elastically or inelastically.
a) Maximum Normal and Shear Stresses
i) The maximum normal Stress occurs at and is
ii) and the largest negative value when
